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After the initial shock of intensive Russian airstrikes, Syrian rebels on the receiving end of a major offensive say better organization and new tactics have helped them to stem losses and fight back.

A month of Russian airstrikes in support of government offensives have cost the rebels in lives and supplies: commanders have been killed, bases bombed, and weapons depleted.

Supported by Iran’s Revolutionary Guard Corps and Lebanon’s Hezbollah, this is the first multi-pronged attack of its kind in nearly five years of war that have diminished President Bashar Al-Assad’s control to a quarter or less of Syria.

But while it may be too early to say how this new phase of the war will play out, analysts say modest government gains so far do not appear to match the scale of its assault.

Rebels have even regained some positions, and fighters on the government’s side are meanwhile being killed in large numbers, according to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, which tracks the war.

Rebels interviewed by Reuters say they are learning to live with Russian airstrikes. They are working more closely together and using different tactics to fight back. Knowledge of the terrain is cited as a crucial advantage.

“It’s a battle of ambushes, of surprise attacks,” said a former army lt. col. who leads the Jabhat Sham group, a recipient of military support from Assad’s foreign enemies that fights under the banner of the Free Syrian Army (FSA).

New supplies of weapons from friendly states have arrived, though not in the quantities the rebels would like given the scale of Russian and Iranian intervention.

Still, a steady flow of weapons including anti-tank missiles do appear to be arriving via Turkey. This may increase with some states promising to bolster support to what they call the moderate Syrian opposition.

The offensives are mostly targeting areas of western and northwestern Syria held by an array of rebels including Free Syrian Army groups backed by Assad’s foreign enemies, and militants such as Al-Qaeda’s Nusra Front.

Rebels get more teeth; attack on course: Army

A Syrian military source said operations were on track.

“The progress is studied, and happening according to the plan. This plan includes hitting command and communication headquarters, cutting supply routes, thereby keeping the groups in a state of siege,” the source told Reuters. He said rebels were waging a propaganda war to maintain their flagging morale.

One of the biggest government offensives so far is south of the city of Aleppo. A rebel fighting with one of the groups there, the Sham Revolutionary Brigades, said he had never seen anything like the attack that began on Oct. 16.

The attacking forces included 2,500 Iranian and Afghani fighters, and Syrian troops, said Abu Ahmed, the 36-year-old fighter, talking to Reuters from southern Aleppo. Radio intercepts in Farsi gave away the foreign participation.

“What changed for us was the huge, abnormal size, and intensity of the bombardment,” said Abu Ahmed, using his nom de guerre and speaking via a web-based messaging system.

His group, another FSA faction which has received foreign military support including US-made anti-tank, or TOW missiles, lost its commander in the fighting. But one week on, Abu Ahmed said the situation had improved.

“Yesterday there was a big Russian air strike, but we organized ourselves, with the rest of the factions. We are used to the new situation,” he said. “We camouflage headquarters, and cars, and dig trenches,” he said. “But the main factor is counter-moves — such as surprise attacks.”

Additionally, the group has been resupplied with TOW missiles which had run out last week, said a member of the group’s leadership council, Abu Ahmed Hani. “If (TOW supplies) stay like this then it is great, but the remaining ammunition is not at the required level,” he said.

Ground offensives

Most of the ground offensives have targeted northwestern and western Syria, in Hama, Idlib and Latakia provinces, areas where rebel gains this year posed a growing threat to Assad.

While the government has captured some 13 villages, the rebels have recovered three, the observatory says. More significantly, an attack by Daesh (the so-called IS) to the southeast of Aleppo — a response to a government offensive against the group — has threatened a vital government supply route.

The Syrian observatory says more than 350 fighters on the government’s side have been killed in the last month, more than the 300 rebels it says have been killed in Russian airstrikes. It did not have a figure for the number of rebels killed in ground battles.

Reuters has no way to verify the numbers.

“The overall impression is one of a lot of weight being thrown at multiple fronts. Thus far actual regime progress has been modest,” said Noah Bonsey, senior analyst with the International Crisis Group think-tank.

“But it is still early to judge where the offensive’s top priorities will be, let alone the eventual results.”

In the city of Aleppo, the army and its allies are facing the problem that has exhausted rebels in that region for so long: battling two enemies at once, one of them Daesh. Government forces are trying to break the Daesh siege of an air base to the east of Aleppo.

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