An Iranian demonstrator holds a satirical poster cover mocking the French weekly Charlie Hebdo which shows the Paris rally but adds a portrait of the ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi among the world leaders.

French Prime Minister Manuel Valls said extreme forms of Islam were winning the propaganda war for hearts and minds, warning the veil was being used as a political symbol for the “enslavement of women”.

Speaking at a roundtable on Islamism in Paris on Monday, the premier warned that Salafists were “winning the ideological and cultural battle” in France, home of Europe’s biggest Muslim population.

And he pledged to “massively” increase France’s security and defense budgets in the coming years, as the country grapples with a growing extremist threat after two deadly attacks last year.

“The Salafists must represent one percent of the Muslims in our country today, but their message – their messages on social networks – is the only one we end up hearing,” he said.

France has cracked down on extremism since a deadly attack on the Charlie Hebdo magazine in January 2015 and after ISIS gunmen and suicide bombers killed 130 people on the streets of Paris in November.

Deadly ISIS bombings in Brussels last month have intensified fears that parts of Europe are turning into a hotbed for home-grown extremism.

There have been fears of an Islamophobic backlash, however, and France’s women’s rights minister sparked a storm last month when she compared women who wear headscarves to “Negroes who supported slavery”.

Her comments were a response to the growth of fashion tailored for the Muslim market, as a wave of big fashion chains including Dolce & Gabbana have launched lines of hajib headscarves and “burqini” all-body swimming costumes.

France bans the Muslim face veil in public places, and Valls said the headscarf was being used by some as a challenge to France’s secular society.

“The veil does not represent a fashion fad, no, it’s not a color one wears, no: it is enslavement of women,” he said, warning of the “ideological message that can spread behind religious symbols”.

“We have to make a distinction between wearing the veil as a scarf for older women, and it as a political gesture confronting French society.”

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